AFA 201 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AFA 201 - Essay Example Far more terrible, a few savants and students of history contend that not all locales and individuals have a history to consider. In such manner, African history has been esteemed to be moderately new particularly after darken comments were made by certain logicians. From the beginning of the nineteenth century, a German scholar gave a class in which he proclaimed that Africa is anything but a chronicled piece of the world. He stressed that it had no turn of events or development to display to the remainder of the world. A hundred years after the fact, a Harvard teacher Hugh Trevor-Roper shared Hegel’s assessments and proclaimed that the main history that Africa can share is Europeans in Africa. He further expressed that the rest is to a great extent dimness and that murkiness isn't a history subject. Such assumptions demonstrate a bigot perspective and high numbness of African accomplishments. In any case, other than bigotry, proclamations disproving that Africa holds a history are established on pivotal origination of chronicled sources that are legitimate. It was accepted that improvement towards progress and changes in social orders was to be composed at the specific time of event. This emphasis on composed materials portrayed Africa’s past undetectable to certain history specialists and to the more extensive open. The greater part of the African social orders had not created composing frameworks before the nineteenth subterranean insect twentieth century (Taiwo 118). This uncovers there was a scarcity of archived records that could be utilized by students of history in the investigation of Africa’s history. The couple of reported subtleties originated from eyewitnesses from outside, for example, European voyagers and shippers. Because of this irregularity, it was generally held that there was no history in Africa. It was anyway found a lot later that without a doubt Africa had a rich past restricted to Africa’s pilgrim history. All things considered, the preachers, businesspeople, and European frontier chairmen kept nitty gritty records of perceptions and exercises on the mainland of Africa (Oladale 319).

Social Issues And Public Policy Topics Politics Essay

Social Issues And Public Policy Topics Politics Essay Social issues and open strategy themes were, customarily, overseen by states through a focal administrative motivation comprising of organizations and legislative local enactment. Be that as it may, this setting-norms approach has introduced a few insufficiencies which, from 1980s on, prompted an examination towards the advancement of new arrangement justification. Among the individuals who underlined and analyzed the move away from the state as the sole entertainer in political and affordable choices is Martin Janiche in his book State Failure, The Impotence of legislative issues in Industrial Society. The given book mirrors the exceptionally talked about subject of the connection among state and market. In explicit, it manages the disappointment of legislative issues, most definitely, to take and execute choices that contradict the predominant trend(M. Janiche, 1990: x). During the 1980s the strategies of industrialized states moved towards a non-legislative guideline of the economy. State focused administration of economy was step by step supplanted by the privatization of the creation of open merchandise and enterprises just as the deregulation of value controls and section limitations. Along these lines, worldwide bodies and global associations just as private on-screen characters accepted an alternate, unquestionably increasingly influent job in the new methods of dynamic. This steady transformation prompted state disappointment and to a sort of a need to rethink states duties towards more bearing and association strategies as opposed to preventive measures.( ). Janicke alludes to state disappointment giving helpful clarification of the term through a clear arrangement of a hypothesis which connects to advertise disappointment (32). A short time later, he centers around puclic wellbeing division, the security of nature and the vehicle and vitality arrangement so as to give increasingly solid instances of the spaces that the state neglects to demonstrate viability. His argumentation continues with state disappointment as state obligation and its causes since 1970 (78). A basic inquiry introduced in this section is whether the government assistance state is excessively expensive (Ch.7). At that point, the writer gives two sections of his book so as to recognize two procedures that cause state disappointment. That is the superindustrialism as a marvel of free enterprise showed up after the post-war blast and the tank condition which as a term (to be examined underneath) alludes to states and legislative issues losing their capacity to direct. He additionally offers comments about the state disappointment inside a logical communism system, that is state disappointment from a communist point of view got from the Soviet-type socialist nations of Eastern Europe. To wrap things up, the creator decided to close his work alluding to political theory as methodological investigation. This last section really reflects his decision for a practical investigation of issue situated political theory alluding simultaneously to key ideas especially utilized all through the book, for example, operators, the idea of intensity, premiums as thought processes in choice, the relationship among's emergencies and improvement and the idea of system as determined choices. We will currently continue in some key ideas introduced by the writer in the book that for all intents and purposes mirror the pith of Janickes work. The foremost idea that comprises a key component in understanding the creators focuses is the force collection process.This thought is straightforwardly connected to emergencies age. The barrenness of governmental issues in the midst of emergency has as a result the weakness of intensity and, in this manner, desmlantilng power possibly can have a positive result (131). The creator recognizes 5 different ways of disassembling power; By decentralization, by countervailing power from above, from beneath, from outside and from inside (131). On the off chance that any productive outcome could happen, at that point it would occur inside the force from inside system, in increasingly straightforward words residents are the individuals who can intercede against the state disappointment and the market pressure. In this sense, the book gives some progressive ramifications that can prompt political change developments in an all inclusive scale. Notwithstanding, this proposal settles upon the peruser to expand, affirm or dismiss. The utilization of the term power is ubiquitous as it is legitimately or in a roundabout way associated with governments, legislative issues and states. In any case, power likewise has to do with different parts, for example, administration, industry, the media and the modern association. As the foundations of the issue are situated in the mechanical structure it would be a vacuum not to allude to the job of the state in the modern framework. Undoubtedly, the creator commits an entire section (the first) so as to give a meaning of the mechanical framework and the state just as to inspect the force relations that lie in them two. The two terms of evonomic and political state disappointment give a functional start of the content as the peruser has the chance to acquaint with terms that will be broadly utilized. Financial state disappointment approaches the disappointment of the state to flexibly a nation with open products that are excessively higly estimated and excessively low in quality (1). Political state disappointment implies a ceaseless powerlessness to take choices broadly consented to be essential (1). The issue really begins when legislators neglect to satisfy their obligation and to serve the reason for which they were chosen in any case. In this way, state disappointment infers, in a basic level, from inside a similar structure of a state and its delegates. In any case, the issue is unmistakably progressively complex for the creator to rest just upon that. He goes further with his argumentation including industrialization and bureaucratization as procedures of intensity aggregation that, in a twisted way, developed from being records of social advancement to producing a rundown of issues that influence the social prosperity and the progression of society. Administration and industry are corresponded as the first is infesting in governmental issues and the second one in economy. The bureaucratization issue has to do with the measures of organizations and the controllability of state apparatuses. The significant inquiry presented here is to what degree are organizations able to compare effectively to issues. Obviously, the beaurocratic centralization has neglected to accommodate practical social arrangements and that is the reason the creator recommends a float towards progressively decentralized answers for issues. Attempting to give a useful, multi-leveled, meaning of the state, Janiche recognizes four capacities; the administrative, the legitimation, the foundation and the disturbance decrease work. The administrative capacity is associated with the monetary operators and the expanding interest for guideline by the state which, if not accomplished, will prompt the flightiness of the financial action (8). The legitimation work concerns the chiefs and their duty to settle on precise choices and keep away from the disappointment of administration. Both the foundation and the irritation reduction work have to do with two of the most central monetary elements of the state connected to financial development (9). Subsequent to having decided the principal elements of the express the creator exhibits their non-materialness by means of the state disappointment hypothesis. More or less, the state disappointment hypothesis accentuates in states diminished guideline limit. As indicated by Janicke, states have a little limit with respect to political intercession and they are practically ineffectual and financially wasteful in settling local issues. The hypothesis of state disappointment is firmly identified with the hypothesis of market disappointment as the first came as a reaction of the last mentioned (31). An extremely exhaustive argumentation demonstrates he interconnection and the connection of those two speculations. To be sure, the state disappointment hypothesis was a reaction to the market disappointment hypothesis which depended on the insufficiency of market to fulfill specific sorts of requests that state, then again, would be the most suitable to relate( for instance the requests for law and training). Accordingly, when the state needs to intercede and address showcase disappointment yet flops in doing as such, we have an away from of how the hypothesis functions. Janicke offers a significant comment about administration. He contends that the multiplying administration is just a reaction of the non-adequacy of an express a not the reason. One of the causes lies, as referenced above, in advertise economy. This is the principal conundrum in the hypothesis of state disappointment. In general there are five conundrums. In the second one he guarantees that despite the fact that state flops in numerous assignments it despite everything stays a financial on-screen character since it figures out how to get wages however present moment in tricky zones of modern culture (35). The third Catch 22 that state disappointment produces is the case that the more cash spent on fixing issues brought about by the mechanical area the less the enthusiasm for making forestalling move before the issue rises (35). The fourth one is associated with the past conundrum. That is, the less preventive activity by the state rises to increasingly costly action for settling the issue, so the requirement for more assessments is expanded. The last oddity is the direct opposite among amount and quality in the state. Gigantic spending plans dont fundamentally mean political force. Despite the fact that the thinking is legitimately adequate, a few models would have made his hypothesis progressively exact. He just gives a case of the last mystery utilizing the instance of guiltiness and state costs in Western Germany from 1965 to 1985 (35). Janiche makes a helpful near open arrangement commitment by applying the past thoughts in the zones of general wellbeing, natural security, transport, vitality and financial strategies and duty uses. Taking into account the way that the fundamental lack of ability of the general public to follow an empathetic modern improvement is certainly not a specialized trouble however an issue of intensity, the creator proposes the disposal of the imposing business model of intensity of mechanical creation through the reinforceme

PTSD Symptoms and Diagnosis

PTSD Symptoms and Diagnosis PTSD Symptoms Print Symptoms and Diagnosis of PTSD By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 29, 2018 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 24, 2019 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children In This Article Table of Contents Expand DSM-5 Criteria for PTSD Other Diagnostic Tools When to See a Professional Related Conditions View All Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs after a traumatic event and interferes with a persons ability to function. You may wonder if you or someone you care about has PTSD, and whether you need to get professional help. If you are experiencing symptoms of PTSD, it is important to see a doctor so that you can get the right diagnosis and treatment. Illustration by JR Bee, Verywell The Difference Between PTSD and Stress Not everyone who has experienced a traumatic event will develop PTSD. After a traumatic event, it is normal to have strong feelings of anxiety, sadness, or stress. Some people may even experience nightmares, memories about the event, or problems sleeping at night, which are common characteristics of PTSD. However, these symptoms do not necessarily mean that you have PTSD. Think of it this way: Headaches can be a symptom of a bigger problem, such as meningitis. However, having a headache does not necessarily mean that you have meningitis. The same is true for PTSD. Many of the symptoms are part of the bodys normal response to stress, but having them does not mean that you have PTSD.?? There are specific requirements that must be met for a diagnosis of PTSD. These requirements are outlined in the  5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Causes and Risk Factors of PTSD DSM-5 Criteria for PTSD Criterion A: Stressor Exposure or threat of death, serious injury, or sexual violence in one or more of the following ways:?? You directly experienced the event.You witnessed the event happen to someone else, in person.You learned of a close relative or close friend who experienced  an actual or threatened accidental or violent death.You had repeated indirect exposure to distressing details of the event(s). This could occur in the course of professional duties (first responders, collecting body parts, or professionals repeatedly exposed to details of child abuse). This does not include indirect non-professional exposure through electronic media, television, movies, or pictures. Criterion B: Intrusion Symptoms The traumatic event is persistently re-experienced in one or more of the following ways:?? Recurrent, involuntary, and intrusive memories. Children older than six may express this symptom through repetitive play in which aspects of the trauma are expressed.Traumatic nightmares or upsetting dreams with content related to the event. Children may have frightening dreams without content related to the trauma.Dissociative reactions, such as flashbacks, in which it feels like the experience is happening again. These may occur on a continuum ranging from brief episodes to complete loss of consciousness. Children may re-enact the events in play.Intense or prolonged distress after exposure to traumatic reminders.Marked physiological reactivity, such as increased heart rate, after exposure to traumatic reminders. Criterion C: Avoidance Persistent effortful avoidance of distressing trauma-related reminders after the event as evidenced by one or both of the following:?? Avoidance of trauma-related thoughts or feelings.Avoidance of trauma-related external reminders, such as people, places, conversations, activities, objects, or situations. Criterion D: Negative Alterations in Mood Negative alterations in cognition and mood that began or worsened after the traumatic event as evidenced by two or more of the following:?? Inability to recall key features of the traumatic event. This is usually dissociative amnesia, not due to head injury, alcohol, or drugs.Persistent, and often distorted negative beliefs and expectations about oneself or the world, such as I am bad, or The world is completely dangerous.Persistent distorted blame of self or others for causing the traumatic event or for the resulting consequences.Persistent negative emotions, including fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame.Markedly diminished interest in activities that used to be enjoyable.Feeling alienated, detached or estranged from others.Persistent inability to experience positive emotions, such as happiness, love, and joy. Criterion E: Alterations in Arousal and Reactivity Trauma-related alterations in arousal and reactivity that began or worsened after the traumatic event, including two or more of the following:?? Irritable or aggressive behaviorSelf-destructive or reckless behaviorFeeling constantly on guard or like danger is lurking around every corner (hypervigilance)Exaggerated startle responseProblems in concentrationSleep disturbance Criterion F: Duration Persistence of symptoms in Criteria B, C, D, and E for more than one month.?? Criterion G: Functional Significance Significant symptom-related distress or impairment of different areas of life, such as social or occupational.?? Criterion H: Exclusion The disturbance is not due to medication, substance use, or other illness.?? DSM-5 PTSD Diagnosis In order to be diagnosed with PTSD according to the DSM-5, you need to meet the following:Criterion AOne symptom or more from Criterion BOne symptom or more from Criterion CTwo symptoms or more from Criterion DTwo symptoms or more from Criterion ECriterion FCriterion GCriterion H Changes in Diagnostic Criteria There are a few changes in the latest version of the DSM regarding PTSD diagnosis.?? Key changes include: More clearly defining what kind of events are considered traumatic in Criterion AAdding a fourth type of exposure in Criterion AIncreasing the number of symptom groups from three to four by separating avoidance symptoms into their own group (Criterion C)Increasing the number of symptoms from 17 to 20Changing the wording of some of the symptoms from DSM-IVAdding a new set of criteria for children aged 6 or youngerEliminating the acute and chronic specifiersIntroducing a new specifier with dissociative symptoms The biggest change in the DSM-5 is removing PTSD from the category of anxiety disorders and putting it in a classification called Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders. You can review the rationale behind these changes, as well as look at other changes in the DSM-5, at the website for the  American Psychiatric Association  (APA). Other Diagnostic Tools In addition to using the DSM-5 manual to assess for PTSD criteria, a medical professional will likely want to complete a physical examination to check for medical problems that could be contributing to or causing symptoms. A psychological evaluation is likely to be recommended, which allows for you to openly discuss with your provider some of the events that have led to you experiencing these symptoms. During this evaluation, you would share with a provider signs and symptoms youre experiencing, as well as the duration and level of intensity of those signs.?? This collective information can help medical providers and mental health professionals gain an understanding of your treatment needs and provide you with an appropriate level of care. When to See a Professional The debilitating symptoms of PTSD can make living, working, and interacting difficult. In fact, many people struggling with post traumatic stress disorder can turn to unhealthy coping skills like substance abuse or self-harm in an attempt to minimize or escape from their emotional distress. If you have been experiencing symptoms for longer than a month,?? it could be helpful for you to talk with a professional. When you are dealing with nightmares, flashbacks, and a negative outlook about yourself and others, it can begin to feel like things will never change. Finding a qualified professional to help can make all the difference, bringing back hope through the sharing of your experiences and helping you learn healthy, effective ways of coping. PTSD Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF Time Doesnt Always Help Sometimes after a traumatic experience, people believe that their symptoms will eventually go away over time. This eventual lessening of distressing symptoms can happen for some peopleâ€"but not for everyone. You may experience symptoms long after the traumatic event has taken place, making it difficult to associate your symptoms with PTSD. Even if months or years have passed, it can be helpful for you to speak with a qualified professional to gain an accurate understanding of what is happening for you and be connected with appropriate resources that can help you regain your quality of life. Related Conditions Although the hallmark of post-traumatic stress disorder is having experienced or witnessed a traumatic event, there are a variety of distressing symptoms that someone with PTSD will experience after the event. Understanding that some of these symptoms may overlap with other mental health conditions, it is important that a thorough evaluation is done to make sure the diagnosis of PTSD is accurate. Other conditions that could be discussed or explored with your health care provider, due to the symptoms you might be experiencing, could include things like:?? Obsessive-compulsive disorderAcute stress disorderAdjustment disorderPanic disorderGeneralized anxiety disorderMajor depressionSubstance abuseEating disorders Again, because some of the distressing symptoms can overlap a bit with other mental health conditions, it is important to talk with a qualified professional to make sure you receive an accurate diagnosis and are provided with appropriate resources for care and treatment. Being honest and open with your provider about the symptoms you have been experiencing is critical to helping them understand what is happening for you and to establish the right path for your healing. The Best Online Therapy Programs

The History of Early Fireworks, Rockets and Weapons of War

Respect for Children Stop Bullying in Schools Essay

The human race is connected to this earth. Humans, being part of nature, need to nurture the life of, and on, this planet. With this in mind, a prerequisite for society should incorporate the comprehension of, respect for human life. Parents and family are the key sources to supply lessons in respect for humanity, and schools are equally important, as the key secondary source. Although many people think the core curriculum is rigorous enough for students, the basic four classes in math, language, history, and science are not enough for children to function fully, or adequately, as conscientious and considerate member of society. Thus, parents and members of the community must bring this vital undertaking of social acceptance to†¦show more content†¦Parents take many measures protecting their children from infancy through adulthood. For example, parents scrutinize over which schools to send their children to, by evaluating the educational philosophies, academia, cleanli ness, safety, and number of children per classroom. Unfortunately, the safety needs of children in schools are not being met. According to Bullyingstatistics.org, â€Å"There are about 160,000 children that miss school every day out of fear of being bullied.† (Bullyingstatistics.org) Bullying is socially, emotionally, and psychologically destructive. Bullying leads to undue stress on children, and detracts from the learning process. In fact, studies show that schools and community involvement is necessary for preventing, and stopping bullying tactics. Therefore, society must step in and campaign for the core curriculum to include classes teaching respect for all life. Death and suicide are possible results of bullying. Suicide related to bullying has occurred in children from grade school through college, with the youngest reported at six years old. Similar to the Columbine High School massacre, where murder and suicide due to bullying were combined, has occurred in many other high schools and colleges. According to statistics from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, â€Å"For youth between the ages of 10 and 24, suicide is the third leading cause of death. ItShow MoreRelatedSocial Medi Not So Ideal? Essay929 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the article Bullying Statistics, â€Å"19.6% of high school students in the US report being bullied at school and 14.8% report being bullied online† (â€Å"Bullying Statistics†). Children of all ages are now involved with so much technology and social media that it has become a problem in society. Instead of using social media and technology for good and fun, children are now using it to bully others. 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Favorite Time of Year Free Essays

A Little Christmas Dinner Christmas is the time of year renowned for bringing families together in a way no other holiday can quite muster up to. Family togetherness feels like a cup of hot chocolate on the first cold night of the year; heart warming. That magical day when relatives flock from all over to be in one house, at one table, and to eat one meal, nothing is more special than a little Christmas dinner. We will write a custom essay sample on Favorite Time of Year or any similar topic only for you Order Now Christmas is known for coming quicker and quicker each passing year. Many people begin to silently panic as soon as they hear the first Christmas song on the radio. To me it strikes into my head that our yearly family Christmas dinner is ever so close. As a child I enjoyed the Christmas dinner but not for the wholesome heart warming reasons that echo through my words now, but for the greedy natured presents. Admittedly the presents still are a highlight of the Christmas dinner, but after a few seasoned years of learning that Christmas is not about materialistic items I now feel that the Christmas dinner is the best part of this day. Every year we have the dinner at my grand parent’s quant house in the country. It takes a few hours to get there, but the country ride is more mesmerizing than any movie that I have ever seen. The twists and turns on a single lane road surrounded by tree’s help set the tone for what the day will bring. Every year I am always the first one there to help my grandparents to set up. The first thing I always remember to do is hug each one of them for as long as I can, thankful for another year to take in their open arms. After the greetings I always help Grandpa with the yard, raking up the final of the fall leaves and stringing up a few lights on top of the house because the little cousins always look forward to it. Grandpa is a hard working man that refuses to retire and knows his best working days are behind him. It seemed like yesterday all of this work he could have done with his eyes closed. Knowing how much sense of pride he gets on his hard work and watching him stand there helpless unable to do any of the work reminds me cherish the moments we have together. Soon Grandpa would be too tired to do much more and I would hustle back into the house to find Grandma hard at work. She has just as much work ethic as Grandpa but is ten years younger so she still has that fire that seems to burn deep in all of the Little family. She is hustling away baking cakes and cooking the ham. Watching how hard she works gives me a greater sense of joy than any present that I could possibly receive on this day. The other family members begin to arrive group by group. The food is still not done and the cake still needs to be frosted, but I believe Grandma sets it up like that so my four and five year old cousins can lick the spoon. Everyone pitches in to help on the final sides and setting the table while having casual conversation. And just as fast as Christmas seemed to come it was time to sit down and enjoy the famous Little Christmas Dinner. We all gather around the large mahogany table and join hands and pray. My Grandpa always leads us into a wonderful prayer that always seems to summarize how we as a family feel. After the prayer we all line up from youngest to oldest to gather a plate load of the best food we will have the rest of year. Everyone hurry’s to get a big helping of Grandma’s mashed potatoes because she always seems to never cook enough. After we have all placed as much food that our little styrofoam plates can handle the food disappears almost as quickly as it was put on the plate. As soon as the food seems to settle into everyone’s system that is when the true Christmas spirit seems to have hit. The joy on everyone’s face echoes my sentiments that this Little Christmas Dinner is what life is truly about. How to cite Favorite Time of Year, Essays

To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving storms free essay sample

A tropical revolving storm is a term that covers hurricanes, tropical cyclones, typhoons and willy-willies. These intense low-pressure weather systems are associated with catastrophic wind speeds averaging at 120kmph and torrential rainfall. Tropical revolving storms are huge and extremely violent extending to about 500km in diameter. They occur in the tropics and the sub-tropics and form over the oceans where sea surface temperatures are above 27’C. Tropical storms are natural hazards, a natural event brought about by weather or climate that threatens life and property, and therefore cannot be prevented, however there are methods that can mitigate the impacts. The effects of these storms can be devastating. Examples of major natural disasters caused by these storms are Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and Tropical Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and two methods that are helping to mitigate the effects of tropical revolving storms in the future are preparedness and planning. The impacts can vary in severity due to a range of human and physical factors. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving storms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Human factors include how urbanised the area affected is, as built up cities tend to have impermeable surfaces which increases run-off and therefore worsens the floods that occur. Torrential rain and flooding, along with storm surges and strong winds, are all hazards posed by tropical revolving storms. These hazards, similar to the storm, are inevitable and cannot be stopped from occurring but methods can take place to try and reduce the impacts. Physical factors are out of our control. The size of the storm affects how widespread the impacts are, as well as the duration of the storm and the intensity of the storm, also affecting certain areas. Preparation and preparedness are not the only methods that can be carried out. Monitoring and forecasting with the use of satellites and radar create computer models based on historical data to predict the path of a storm. This in turn will help the country be prepared due to them having more time to react to the news. Structural approaches may also be necessary to protect coastal areas. Preparedness includes the education of populations. People need to know the dangers and what they can do to avoid them. In Florida, evacuation routes have been prepared and cyclone shelters are clearly signed and posted. Planning includes land-use planning. This regulation is used to reduce the vulnerability of people and property so for example, only low value land uses (recreational) can occupy coastal strips, the areas most vulnerable to a storm. In Northeast Florida, coastal properties have been rallied above the ground on stilts and have non-residential functions on the ground (storage). This means that hazards like the storm surges do not impact the people and less damage occurs to infrastructure. Warning systems put in place to predict incoming storms inform the public about them. This is linked with the effectiveness of the government and how developed the country is. A less developed country is less likely to have the money to be able to afford such technology and equipment meaning that no matter what form of planning or preparedness occurs, mitigation is less likely to be achieved. More developed countries have the money to install advanced technology and equipment to ensure that their population can be warned meaning that lives can be saved. In late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina swept onto the coast of Louisiana with winds of over 160km per hour. A deadly storm surge flooded 80% of the city of New Orleans leaving an area the size of the UK lying as waste. Over 1500 people were killed and the financial cost of the damage exceeded ? 50billion, making it the costliest hurricane in US history. The impacts affected everything and everyone, especially the poorer neighbourhoods with high rates of unemployment and a high proportion of people renting their homes. Many of these people didn’t have home insurance or the money to return and rebuild. The impacts have affected Louisiana on a larger scale also as dramatic population changes have occurred. The population has fallen by 8. 4% in the aftermath of the hurricanes due to 460,000 people leaving New Orleans. In response to some of these impacts, local planners have called for the lowest-lying areas, including the Lower 9th Ward where hundreds died in New Orleans, to be used as parkland. These green spaces would serve as buffers against future floodwaters and therefore prevent many of the impacts that occurred in 2005. This form of planning would help to mitigate some of the impacts but probably not by much. Hard engineering was used to repair and improve the levees to prevent future breaching. Bangladesh suffers from the most destructive cyclones in the world. The country has a funnel-shaped coast at the northern tip of the Bay of Bengal and an offshore shelf, making it vulnerable to tropical cyclones and storm surges. As many as 10% of the world’s tropical storm develop in the Bay of Bengal including the fiercest killer cyclone that hit Bangladesh on the 12th of November 1970. The storm caused the death of 500,000 people and a cost $1billion in property damage. Another powerful cyclone hit in 1991 killing another 138,000 people. In response to these deadly events, a number of initiatives were introduced. Tropical cyclones are now monitored, with warnings issued over the television, radio and Internet, a form of preparedness. The Bangladesh Meteorological Department issues two types of storm-waning signals to warn people to take steps to save their lives and property. Before 1991, cyclone-warning systems were unreliable but now, signals are passed on through volunteers of the Cyclone Preparedness Programme of the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society as well as through radio and television as mentioned earlier. In remote village communities, designated warden’s help to spread the warnings and guide people to safety. A form of planning includes the construction of concrete cyclone shelters to provide a safe refuge for people threatened by flooding. These shelters, often raised up on stilts, serve as schools or community centres at other times. All of these methods will mitigate the impacts quite significantly and this was seen in 2003, when another cyclone struck Bangladesh. Despite killing 3000 people, Cyclone Sidr had a greatly reduced impact due to these initiatives being adopted by the government. Cyclone shelters have also been constructed in Burma, Southeast Asia, after Cyclone Nargis hit in May 2008. Charities, including Care International, have become involved and are helping to build wooden houses that are raised on stilts. This means that when storm surges accompany the cyclone, they can pass under properties reducing the damage. Construction is a form of planning and because it is hard engineering, it is likely to have a more significant impact in terms of mitigating the effects of tropical revolving storms. To conclude, due to the nature of revolving tropical storms and the fact that they are natural hazards, they cannot be prevented. However, various methods, taking the form of planning and preparedness, can help to reduce the impacts. The extent to which these methods help, depends on where they are occurring and in what form. Planning and preparedness have a more significant impact on more developed countries as they have money to ensure that these methods are enforced and sufficient. They also have a much more aware and education population meaning that mitigation of the impacts caused by tropical revolving storms is significant.